Current Event Summary and Reaction – Honors Government – “North Carolina Getting a State Religion? No.”

North Carolina getting a state religion? No. | By: Eric Marrapodi and John Blake, CNN A gathering of delegates in North Carolina have as of late been pushing joining their administration with a built up religion. Two Republican delegates specifically documented a goals that would conceivably allow the state to pronounce Christianity as its official act of love. For this situation, the North Carolina would dismiss all government law and administering concerning partition of chapel and state.Although these agents contend this would ensure the county’s officials in their right to speak freely, pundits state the goals damages the Constitution’s first alteration. Those for a built up religion keep on swearing by the invalidation hypothesis, however many concur that in light of the fact that the hypothesis has over and again been controlled as wrong, courts won’t get it. Actually, I don’t figure the courts will get it either. Putting the points of interest a nd subtleties aside, the idea of partition of chapel and state is at last previously chose upon.The way things are presently is the manner in which they ought to be; everybody is allowed to rehearse their own religion, including the individuals who are pushing the goals. I don’t know why one would need to drive others to be an individual from their religion on the off chance that they don’t need to be. It is highly unlikely to constrain somebody to be committed to or have confidence in something. In the article, pundits called the contention for a joined church and state â€Å"phony,† and I concur. On the off chance that most â€Å"Christians† are not genuinely Christians, Christianity will immediately turn into a joke, just as a lie for some.If the state did receive an adjusted religion, what might guidelines comprise of? I question one would be rebuffed for rehearsing another religion; in this way, there is actually no point. On the off chance that anyt hing, I think those for the goals ought to be less worried about investing energy in an inconsequential contention and be progressively worried about rehearsing their religion themselves. http://religion. online journals. cnn. com/2013/04/04/north-carolina-getting-a-state-religion-no/

Indo-European Family of Languages

Indo-European Family of Languages Definition Indo-European is aâ family of dialects (counting the vast majority of the dialects verbally expressed in Europe, India, and Iran) plunged from a typical tongue spoken in the third thousand years B.C. by a rural people beginning in southeastern Europe. Parts of Indo-European (IE) incorporate Indo-Iranian (Sanskrit and the Iranian dialects), Greek, Italic (Latin and related dialects), Celtic, Germanic (which incorporates English), Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Albanian, Anatolian, and Tocharian. The hypothesis that dialects as differing as Sanskrit, Greek, Celtic, Gothic, and Persian had a typical progenitor was proposed by Sir William Jones in a location to the Asiatick Society on Feb. 2, 1786. (See beneath.) The remade basic precursor of the Indo-European dialects is known as the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE). Models and Observations The predecessor of all the IE dialects is called Proto-Indo-European, or PIE for short. . . . Since no reports in remade PIE are safeguarded or can sensibly would like to be discovered, the structure of this guessed language will consistently be to some degree dubious. (Benjamin W. Fortson, IV, Indo-European Language and Culture. Wiley, 2009) Englishalong with an entire host of dialects spoken in Europe, India, and the Middle Eastcan be followed back to an old language that researchers call Proto Indo-European. Presently, in every practical sense, Proto Indo-European is a nonexistent language. Kind of. Dislike Klingon or anything. It is sensible to trust it once existed. However, no one each recorded it so we dont know precisely what it truly was. Rather, what we cannot deny is that there are several dialects that share likenesses in language structure and jargon, recommending that they all developed from a typical precursor. (Maggie Koerth-Baker, Listen to a Story Told in a 6000-Year-Old Extinct Language. Boing, September 30, 2013) Address to the Asiatick Society by Sir William Jones (1786) Exist anymore Sanscrit language, whatever be its relic, is of an awesome structure, more immaculate than the Greek, more abundant than the Latin, and more flawlessly refined than either, yet bearing to them two a more grounded liking, both in the foundations of action words and the types of sentence structure, than might have been delivered coincidentally; so solid in fact, that no philologer could look at them each of the three, without trusting them to have sprung from some normal source, which, maybe, does not exists. There is a comparable explanation, however not exactly so persuasive, for assuming that both the Gothick and the Celtick, however mixed with an altogether different figure of speech, had a similar cause with the Sanscrit, and the old Persian may be added to this family, if this were the spot for talking about any inquiry concerning the relics of Persia. (Sir William Jones, The Third Anniversary Discourse, on the Hindus, Feb. 2, 1786) A Shared Vocabulary The dialects of Europe and those of Northern India, Iran, and part of Western Asia have a place with a gathering known as the Indo-European Languages. They most likely began from a typical language-talking bunch around 4000 BC and afterward split up as different subgroups relocated. English offers numerous words with these Indo-European dialects, however a portion of the likenesses might be veiled by sound changes. The word moon, for instance, shows up in unmistakable structures in dialects as various as German (Mond), Latin (mensis, which means month), Lithuanian (menuo), and Greek (meis, which means month). The word burden is conspicuous in German (Joch), Latin (iugum), Russian (igo), and Sanskrit (yugam). (Seth Lerer, Inventing English: A Portable History of the Language. Columbia Univ. Press, 2007) Additionally See Grimms LawHistorical Linguistics

The 15 Commandments of Effective Communication

The 15 Commandments of Effective Communication Human beings are social creatures. It is impossible to live without interacting with fellow human beings. You get raised by a family, go to school where you have to interact with fellow students and teachers, and have to interact with other people in society. In the course of your day to day life, you have to interact with your coworkers, clients, other commuters, shop attendants, and so on. All these interactions would be impossible without communication. With communication being such an essential part of life, it is important to ensure that you are an effective communicator. Without the ability to communicate effectively, you will have a hard time succeeding in any social undertaking, whether that is acquiring a job and keeping a job, getting investors for your project, impressing your crush or meeting your in-laws. To help you become better at communication and therefore improve the quality of your social and professional interactions, we take a look at the 15 commandments of effe ctive communication that you should always keep in mind.  1. BE A GOOD LISTENERThe first commandment of effective communication is listening. You cannot communicate effectively if you do not know what your audience wants or needs. You cannot put yourself in their shoes to see things from their perspective. Therefore, it will be difficult to sway their opinions since it will be obvious that you do not understand what they are saying and are just preaching at them.Listening has been identified by the United States Department of Labor Secretary’s Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS) as one of the key five competencies and three foundational skills necessary for people coming into the workforce. Listening skills enable employees to build a good rapport with their employers, managers, coworkers, and clients, which in turn enables them to more effectively communicate in the workplace environment. Below are some tips on how to become a better listener:Maintain eye contact wit h the person speaking.Do not interrupt.Don’t fidget â€" it’s distracting, rude, and implies you are impatient or have better things to do.Listen to understand, not just to respond.Read the speaker’s body language, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues.Control your emotions â€" don’t let you anger, fear, or worry distract you from listening.Put aside your bias or prejudice against the speaker as it will interfere with your ability to listen.2. CLARIFY YOUR IDEAS BEFORE YOU COMMUNICATE THEMBefore any word comes out of your mouth, take a moment to think. A systematic analysis of your idea simplifies and clarifies it. Communication planning is a critical step that many people often skip, which is why their interactions don’t turn out well. Winging it may look badass in the movies, but in real life, that is how you ruin interviews, business negotiations, job applications, articles, speeches, announcements, appeals for donations from well-wishers, and so on. Before you s tart communicating something, take a moment to think about what you want to say and ask yourself the following questions: What is my message? What do I want to achieve from this communication? How do I want my audience to react to my message? Who am I speaking to and what is the best way to communicate to them so that they understand me and react how I want them to?3. PRACTICE EMPATHYEmpathy is one of the key abilities that are used to gauge emotional intelligence. According to TalentSmart, 90% of top performers have high EQs and EQ is responsible for 58% of an employee’s job performance. Empathy in communication is the ability to understand your audience, their emotions, possible reactions to your message, attitudes, history, and any other information about them that will enable you to craft your message in a way that will not offend them, that they will understand, and that will win them over to your ideas. When communicating, you should use empathy to predict how your audience will feel when you communicate your message to them. You can then plan the best words and approach to use in your message so as to avoid antagonizing your audience. If you can see the world through their eyes, you can communicate in a way they can relate to, and you will be able to influence their reactions to your message. Below are some questions you should ask yourself in order to infuse your communication with empathy:Who is my audience?What are their beliefs or attitudes?What is their history?What is our relationship?How do they perceive me?How are they likely to react to my message?4. CONSIDER THE CONTEXTContext is the setting in which the communication happens. It may be formal or informal. It includes other dimensions such as the environment, the social activity, the goals of the group, the individuals involved and their relationships, the social dynamics, and so on. All these are things you should keep in mind when communicating. Ignoring context when communicating is commi tting communication suicide. Imagine, for instance, talking to your boss and having a conversation that goes something like this.You: “Yo, what’s happening?”Boss: “I am quite fine, thank you. You are late.”You: “It’s alright, don’t worry about it. I am here now, ain’t I? Boss: Why were you late?You: “I was at a party till late in the night, guess I didn’t hear my alarm this morning.”What do you think will happen here? Of course you are going to get fired, or at least get a warning. If this was your coworker, with whom you are working at the same level, there would be nothing wrong with the above conversation. Communicating this way to your superior, however, is career suicide. This shows the importance of context; you don’t talk to your boss the way you talk to your coworker. Apply this rule to all every time you communicate and you will see a tremendous improvement in your communication. Below are a few pointers on how to use context in communication.Consi der the physical context: for instance, how you talk to your coworker at the office is not how you talk to them if you meet in a club. How you give a speech in a public square is not how you would give it in a church.Consider the social dynamics: for instance, talking to a married couple is not the same as speaking to siblings.What activity is taking place: how you talk to your coworkers in the office is not the same as how you talk when your office goes out for a teambuilding exercise.Consider the chain of command or authority: know who to accord the highest respect. Respect has levels â€" that’s why the conversation above is appropriate for a coworker but disrespectful to a superior.5. BE CONCISEOne of the cardinal sins people commit when communicating is being long-winded. While the popular notion that our attention spans in the smartphone era are now shorter than a goldfish’s is being busted as a myth, it is no secret that no one is fond of circumlocution, especially when th e speaker or writer is padding his message with unnecessary words to hide the shallowness of his ideas. Effective communication should be carried out swiftly. Always aim to get straight to the point and you will have no problems. Conciseness is the basis of clarity, provided you provide all the important details.Below are some tips that will help you become more concise in your communication:Know what you want to say before you say it.Identify the most important components of your message, those that cannot be left out.Identify keywords that carry enough weight to communicate whole ideas so you don’t have to keep repeating yourself. You can define these keywords for your audience.Control your urge to go off on tangents, for instance telling a story that is not related to your message.Where your message can be quickly encoded in an anecdote, proverb, or poem, do it.Where possible, discourage your audience from posing questions before you are through passing your message. This depen ds on context: while you can enforce this while giving a speech, it would not be possible in an informal conversation and might even appear presumptuous.6. GIVE THE OTHER PERSON A CHANCE TO SPEAKCommunication is a two way process. You don’t want your audience to think you are lecturing them (unless the context is a lecture hall, with you being the lecturer). When people have no voice in a communication, they become defiant, bored, or apathetic. According to a study on allocation of speech in conversation, listeners can cause a rambler to stop monopolizing a conversation by being quiet. So next time you are hogging a conversation and realize that your conversation partner is unusually quiet, it’s time to pull them back in with a query for feedback. Below are examples of questions you might ask to urge you partner to get involved in the conversation. “What do you think?”“What’s your opinion on the matter?”“That’s my point of view, what is yours?”If it’s an email or other written communication you can add this at the end: “I look forward to your response.”“I am interested to hear your reaction.”7. BE RESPECTFULCommunication cannot prosper in an environment of distrust and rudeness. Respect is the fresh air that ensures a healthy relationship between you and your audience, facilitating effective communication. Respect shows that you value the other person. Here are some tips on how to be respectful when communicating.Acknowledge your audience. Don’t just barge in. Say hello if it’s a face-to-face meeting. Start with a salutation, if it is an email. Don’t use sarcasm or cutting remarks. Practice empathy. Know what will hurt their feelings and avoid saying it. Tact and grace are the keywords.Ask for their feedback to show you value their opinion.Use the most acceptable language in that particular context.Do not use vulgar words.Know what is appropriate and inappropriate â€" for instance, knowing when something you want to say is s exist or racist or simply inappropriate given your relationship with the person.8. DON’T GIVE UNSOLICITED ADVICEThis is one of the hardest commandments to keep. Everyone believes their point of view is the best possible way of perceiving the world. Since everyone is unique, there are lots of points of view going around. Naturally, disagreements are inevitable. If you want to be a successful communicator, keep your “free advice” to yourself, unless the context demands it or your audience asks for it. An example of a context that requires advice-giving is a lecturer with his students or a parent with her child.Unsolicited advice is often unwelcome and people do not usually pay any attention to it, though they might nod and say it’s brilliant. Following this rule will require serious impulse control. Your entire body might be willing you to “throw in your two cents”, but ignore it. Focus on the big picture; communicating your message effectively and getting the reaction you desire.9. CREDIBILITY IS NON-NEGOTIABLEIn their book Made to Stick, authors Chip and Dan Heath list seven core principles that you can use to make your idea/message sticky/viral/appealing. One of these principles is credibility. A credible idea is one which your audience will believe to be true. If an idea appears untrue, audiences will shun it. If your aim is to win over your audience or, influencing them to adopt your point of view, you should carefully work on your message and presentation to ensure it comes across as truthful. Below are some tips on how to make your message more credible:Pepper your presentation with statistics and facts. In addition to helping you give more convincing arguments, this will show that you did your research. When people see that you came prepared, they are more likely to trust you.Where appropriate, add personal anecdotes to make the message appeal to your audience on an emotional level. It makes them trust you, root for you, and want to be on the same side as you. It also injects a raw authenticity to your message, which is golden when it comes to effective communication.If you have relevant credentials, ensure your audience is aware of them. For instance, you are more likely to trust a nutritionist who tells you certain foods are unhealthy than a plumber who says the same thing.Build authority in your topic, so whenever you say something related to the topic, people will trust what you say. This is a long-term strategy.10. APPEAL TO EMOTIONAnother of the seven principles for making ideas viral as presented by Dan and Chip Heath is emotion. Emotion (pathos) is also one of three modes of persuasion, together with logos (logic) and ethos (authority), as identified by Aristotle. Appealing to emotion can at times feel manipulative, but it is often effective and even necessary. Case in point: if two people give a speech and one uses dry facts and the other humanizes his speech with stories from his own life, who is the audience more likely to relate with? If you guessed the latter, you are absolutely correct. While facts intimidate and awe us, emotions connect us with the speaker. Use the following tips to inject some emotion in your communication.Tell stories. Stories touch us on a deeper level than facts ever can and make us relate with the message.Use empathy to demonstrate how well you understand their point of view. When you show people that you understand how they feel, they are more inclined to give you an ear â€" the best orators know and practice this technique.Use examples or anecdotes from your personal life to humanize yourself and make you relatable to your audience. When they can understand who you are, they are more likely to trust your opinion.Use metaphors, similes, and other stylistic devices to make your message come to life in your audience’s mind. If you can paint a picture with words, people will remember your message more vividly and will relate easily to it.11. BE SINCEREIn your e ndeavor to attain the results you desire from any communication, it is easy to forget the big picture and tell your audience what they want to hear. This is definitely manipulation. Manipulation may work in the short term, but once people realize you were toying with their minds, they will be repelled by your methods and you lose all credibility. You can see how this plays out in advertising and politics, and how audiences react after it becomes apparent they were being manipulated by cunning operators. If your message is of real value, trust that it will appeal to your audience without any need for lies and misinformation. If you want to come across as sincere, you should:Fact-check the information you pass on to your audience. If it is revealed that your message is based on false information, your credibility will be thrown into question and the validity of your entire message nullified.Be truthful when you are delivering bad news. Do not water it down. Be clear, and do not beat a round the bush. Provided you are tactful, the truth is always better than a half-truth.Be genuine when apologizing. People can sense when you are putting on an act. The same is true for when you express gratitude.Avoid using excess flattery. Give genuine compliments and people will like you. Flattery might seem charming in the moment, but it often leaves a bad after-taste and makes you seem untrustworthy.12. PRACTICE POSITIVITYNobody likes to be continuously criticized. If you see only that which is wrong with your audience, you will put them off. You may not even voice your thoughts, but people will sense what you think about them through your body language. Before you communicate your message, ensure you are not feeling or thinking negative things about the person you are communicating with. This will prevent you from conveying your negative energy through your body language, other non-verbal cues, tone of voice, and choice of words. You should also avoid sarcastic remarks. Instea d, think of something you do like about the person you are communicating with and share it with them as a compliment. If you disagree with the other person, try to find common ground where possible. Above all, craft your message in a way that is not offensive to the other person.13. CONTROL YOUR EMOTIONSEmotions are a double-edged sword. On one hand, when you are passionate, people will give you their attention and trust you. On the other, if you lose control, you might say or do the wrong thing and antagonize them. Before speaking, take a pause to collect your thoughts if you realize you are emotionally riled up. Know which emotions are appropriate for the context. For instance, sorrow would be misplaced when giving a speech oration at a wedding, as would be joy at a funeral. If you find yourself starting to get worked up, breathe in and out slowly, and speak very slowly. Being deliberate in this way will help you regain control of your body and mind.14. BE MINDFUL OF THE NONVERBAL CUES YOU CONVEYNonverbal cues such as tone of voice and body language are key for effective communication. However, they can also be a double-edged sword. If not controlled, they can convey emotions you would wish to keep to yourself. Below are some tips on how to enhance your communication with nonverbal cues.Use facial expressions like smiles, grimaces, winks, and glares where appropriate.Nod or shake your head to emphasize certain points.Use hand gestures sparingly. Hand gestures can be powerful if used at the right time, but sometimes speakers gesticulate absent-mindedly, which distracts the audience.Avoid pacing as it is distracting.Change your tone of voice to add drama to your presentation â€" for instance lowering your voice or suddenly shouting for effect.Maintain an upright posture. Do not slouch.Be mindful of your emotions to avoid betraying negative feelings with your nonverbal cues.15. KNOW WHEN TO BACK DOWN OR COMPROMISESometimes when communicating your message, the f eedback the other person gives may influence an alteration of your opinion. In such a situation, do not be ashamed to back down or to adjust your opinion to accommodate the new information. For instance, when you realize the person you are communicating with has a better argument, let them know that their point of view makes sense and ask them to clarify further. Ask questions to confirm that their point of view truly is better than yours. Once you are convinced that they have the better argument, graciously let them know you have decided their opinion is the better one. If you do not wholly agree with their opinion, point out the parts you do not agree with, and work together to formulate a better overall argument.WRAPPING UPAs a human being, communication is a natural part of life, and the better you are at communicating, the better you will be at navigating social interactions. Without proper communication, cooperation with others becomes difficult, sometimes even leading to conf licts. Luckily, anyone can learn how to be an effective communicator. If you by abide by these 15 commandments, you will have no problem communicating effectively, both in social and professional contexts.

How Were The Puritans Different From The Pilgrims

How were the Puritans different from the Pilgrims? According to US History, a community of christians traveled across the ocean to an unknown land, different from the society they left behind, they called themselves Pilgrims. The Pilgrims made up the states of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, which were the southern colonies. The Puritans made up the New England colonies, they were located in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. The first half century of English settlement both puritans and pilgrims traveled along the northern Atlantic coast. This adventure was a dynamic period of discovery, interaction, and growth. The Puritan colonists faced a multitude of hardships, which only increased religion that prompted their migration to America. Pilgrims and Puritans colonies lived two different environments. Puritans believed in not only worshipping together but that any matter of the local community were resolved while maintaining Church over state or non interference from any king or Government; Pilgrims believed in gaining wealth using, this was their priority. According to (Hermet,1985) Pilgrims were Puritans who escaped to Holland as political exiles in 1608. They were developed in 1620 after one-hundred and two pilgrims sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to North America on the Mayflower in 1620. After sailing, the pilgrim settled in Plymouth. A pilgrim is described as a person who journeys to a sacred place forShow MoreRelatedEarly American History Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesEarly American History Unity within colonies was extremely strong because it was assembled in a primal urge for survival. The colonists were in this entirely new land, so it was natural they would stick together to the familiar, and therefore build strong bonds and loyalty to their colony. Exclusion also excellently describes early America because of the way colonies expelled their own people if they did not follow the colonys strict ‘rules of life. The primary source documents; City upon aRead MoreReligion Has Been A Major Force In The History Of The United1104 Words   |  5 Pagessettling the colonies of America in many ways. Religion was definitely one of the major reasons for the founding of the colonies. The early colonists wanted the freedom to worship God as they had seen as proper, and they were promised this freedom of worship. Most of these colonies were deeply rooted in their religious beliefs. Religion was a powerful influence on the social and political life of the colonial times in the New World. Typically, in the colonies, the church was a large building in theRead MoreReligion Has Played An Important Role In The History Of1108 Words   |  5 Pagescolonies of the New World in many ways. 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Other New England colonies sprouted up, due to (a) religious dissent from Plymouth and Massachusetts as with Rhode Island, (b) the constant search for more farmland as in Connecticut, and (c) justRead MoreWilliam Bradford and Thomas Morton1110 Words   |  5 PagesMorton were both important men of our history. The stories of both great men give us an insight into the way religion and influence affected Puritan life. William Bradford said he believed, â€Å"Plymouth people were the chosen people to live out their last days in the earthly church† (Daly pg 560). Puritan settlers came to the new world seeking a better life and to get away from the rule of the Catholic Church they wanted to become a primitive Baptist church like in the Old Testament. The Puritans wantedRead MoreEssay on American History To 1700942 Words   |  4 PagesThe writings of Columbus, Castillo, and de la Casas represented vastly different points of view of the Spanish conquests of the Americas. In his first letter, Christopher Columbus mostly focused on the political victory of the voyage and arriving in the Indies (p. 32), and the splendor of the landscape including palm trees, mountains, and beautiful birds (p. 33). In the subsequent letter to King Ferdinand of Spain, Columbus seems selfish and one-sided (somewhat understandable considering that heRead MoreAnne Hutchinson- : A Puritan Spiritual Adviser1260 Words   |  6 Pages1. Anne Hutchinson- was a Puritan spiritual adviser and an important contributor in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the entire colony of Massachusetts Bay from 1636 to 1638. 2. Roger Williams- was an English Protestant cleric who was an advocate of religious freedom and the separation of church and state. 3. William Bradford- was an English leader in the Plymouth Colony. He was also a signatory of the Mayflower Compact. 4. Thomas Hooker- was a prominent Puritan colonial leader, who founded

Women s Adverse Health Risks After Reading - 1265 Words

Women Develop Adverse Health Risks after Reading ‘Fifty Shades of Grey’ Jaclyn Napoli University of South Florida The purpose of the research found in ‘Fiction or Not? Fifty Shades is Associated with Health Risks in Adolescent and Young Adult Females’ by Amy Bonomi, et al. (2014) was to look for an association between reading fiction novels that illustrated violence towards women and health risks. The theory being examined in this article is that popular fiction novels are normalizing violence towards women, abuse and unhealthy behaviors while playing it off as the romance behind the relationship (Bonomi et al., 2014). The hypothesis of this study is that women who read popular fiction novels, that depict violence†¦show more content†¦Women who partially read the ‘Fifty Shades of Grey’ series were excluded from the study â€Å"to create the cleanest exposure groups† (Bonomi et al., 2014). ‘White’, ‘Black’, ‘Asian’ and ‘other’ were races that were documented. The women’s sexual orientation was also noted; which included heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual and asexual. Finally, the women indicated what year in college they were in at the time of the survey. The participants in the study completed an online survey. The questions appeared in an order to reduce response bias by asking questions related about ‘Fifty Shades of Grey’ last. First, the women completed questions pertaining to their demographics; such as age, race, sexual orientation and year in college. Next, â€Å"eight questions were used to assess lifetime (ever) exposure to physical (one question), sexual (two questions), and nonphysical (five questions) abuse, including cyber-abuse, by an intimate partner†. These women were then asked questions about their health that can be resulted from intimate partner violence; such as â€Å"disordered eating, binge drinking and [sexual practices].† Disordered eating was assessed by asking about participant’s â€Å"use of diet aids or fasting for 24 or more hours to lose weight.† Binge drinking was defined by the â€Å"Centers for Disease Control and the

The novel Huck Finn takes a strange approach to dealing with money Free Essays

The novel Huck Finn takes a strange approach to dealing with money. It’s not a work that simply promotes a trite theme prevalent among other great novels: Money is not important in this life as some intangible matters (freedom, morality, etc. ) and that wealth has nothing to do with how happy one’s life is. We will write a custom essay sample on The novel Huck Finn takes a strange approach to dealing with money or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mark Twain did not place a character that could serve as an avatar of social prominence, wealth, and misery despite achieving the two (e. g. Estella in Great Expectations). Most of the people in Huck Finn are either dirt poor or middle class townspeople. Nonetheless, money still has a starring role in the novel, for a character’s relationship to money and how far he would go to become rich determines what kind of person he is. Huck Finn proved that money has never made a person happy and it never will, for there is nothing about the nature of money that can bring one joy. The more one has, the more one wants. Instead of filling a vacuum, it creates one. The main characters in the book are â€Å"have-nots†. But they can be further divided into categories based upon the extent to which they value money: People like the Duke and the Dauphin have created a vacuum inside themselves, an bottomless pit that all the riches in the world couldn’t fill. In stark contrast to the two is Huckleberry Finn, who knows that it takes more than money to make a man rich. Huck Finn â€Å"can’t stand† hypocrisy, greed and â€Å"sivilz’ation†. Twain seems to suggest that the uncivilized way of life is better: he draws upon the ideas of Rousseau in his belief that civilization corrupts, rather than improves human beings. Huck has had very little contact with society, and Twain implies that it is this lack of â€Å"civilizing† that has allowed him to remain so free of greed. The Watson sisters are considered by the people of their town to be upstanding citizens, yet they had few qualms about auctioning Jim off. Huck was much poorer than the Watsons were, but no matter how badly he needed money, he would never consider selling Jim, or turning him in for the reward. In addition, during the Wilks sisters incident, he had several chances just to grab the loot and leave. If he was of mediocre morality, he might leave some of the money for the girls before running off to the territories, never to be heard from again. However, as we know, Huck, instead of making himself wealthier, puts his own life at risk to save the girls. Altruistic actions like those aforementioned are what sets Huck apart from the archetypal â€Å"good guy†. He is so far removed from human nature’s desire to do what’s best for oneself that he seems almost unrealistic. Nevertheless, perhaps that is Twain’s way of illustrating how wonderful a boy could be without society’s corrupting influence: Huck’s upbringing (or lack thereof) has led him to the conclusion that money is a luxury, rather than a necessity. He is one of the few characters in the book who is truly rich–he has everything that money can’t buy, and he knows the value of those things. Huck is obviously the hero of the story, and displays no sing of covetousness whatsoever. However, there are other characters in the novel who are far better people than the Duke and the Dauphin, but are still not as free of corruption as Huck, who serves as an the epitome of magnanimity. Two of these less-than-perfect characters are the Widow, and her sister, Miss Watson. The Watson sisters were certainly kind to take in a loutish waif; doing so could not have contributed to the serenity of their household, nor could it have helped their financial situation. However, their image as compassionate, charitable old ladies is marred when Miss Watson decided to sell Jim down to New Orleans, and the widow agreed to let her. Since they had no reservations about tearing a man from his family for a few hundred dollars, they are obviously not the â€Å"good Christians† that they proclaim to be at heart. However, the sisters were partially redeemed when Miss Watson set Jim free in her will: one would have a hard time imagining such and action coming from the Duke or the Dauphin. Therefore, the Watson sisters are several tiers above them, and can be regarded as examples of the typical person, who is basically good at the core, but who cannot perceive and amend the ethical shortcomings of a defective society. Another person in the novel who is rather fond of money, but has a good heart despite his desire for capital, is Jim. He exhibited something akin to avarice when, near the beginning of the novel, he asked Huck to pay his hairball a quarter in order for it to reveal Huck’s future. This covetousness reappears when Jim arrives on Huck’s island, and talks of nothing but money for several days. However, Jim’s greed is quite different from the pure, sickening type exhibited by the Duke and the Dauphin. Jim sees money as equivalent to freedom: with money, he can buy his own freedom and that of his family. Money also would allow him to live like a white person, thus raising his status in the society. In short, Jim does not want money for money’s sake; rather, he sees capital as a way to correct the injustices thrust upon him by society. Therefore, throughout the novel, Jim constantly tries to get money, whereas Huck takes an fairly apathetic attitude towards the subject. In stark contrast to both the innately moral Huck Finn and the â€Å"civilized† people of the time stand the Duke and the Dauphin. They are not your average con men: they are beneath than the worst rascals, for they will stop at nothing to obtain money. They are utterly shameless, and possess none of the honor and mercy that God supposedly granted all human beings at birth. When they produced the Royal Nonesuch show and used the weaknesses of â€Å"small town America† to rake in money, it was a low thing to do, but the scam didn’t hurt anyone significantly. When the King convinced a devout religious community to take up a collection for him so that he could go back to the Indian ocean to â€Å"turn pirates into the true path†, the prank is more ignominious than the last because he played the faith of gracious people. But truly ignoble is the way in which the Duke and the Dauphin posed as the uncles of the Wilks sisters and almost made off with the entire fortune without leaving a cent for their â€Å"nieces†. Only with Huck’s intervenence were the â€Å"sweet girls† saved from the amoral swindlers. This time, the Duke and the Dauphin really proved themselves avaricious and heartless, perhaps almost sub-human. From their former scams, they already had enough of money for a comfortable lifestyle, so they could not even use necessity as an excuse to bilk the Wilks. Also, this last scandal truly hurt people, and had it been successfully pulled of, the girls would have been bereft not only financially, but emotionally as well. Not yet mentioned is their selling of Jim after failing to run off with the Wilks’ fortune, which was particularly disgusting not only because they were betraying a companion, but also because Jim wasn’t their â€Å"property† to peddle in the first place. All of these incidents prove that once a man has devoted himself to the pursuit of money, he will have destroyed his heart. He will no longer be capable of enjoying life, for he will have lost all respect for all of humanity, which includes himself. Even if the Duke and the Dauphin had become rich, they could never be happy for they cannot enjoy any of the things that make life worth living (e. g. love, friendship, etc. ). All in all, the simplest moral of the book may be that money corrupts. People like the Duke and the Dauphin have become possessed by their desire for money. The void hole inside of them was carved out by their voracity and it has replaced their heart, soul and character. Like a black hole, it sucks in everything that enters, yet can never be full. Therefore, despite their success at trickery, the Duke and the Dauphin will never be as truly rich of a person as Huck Finn is. When the pair of swindlers are tarred, feathered and driven from town â€Å"astraddle of a rail†, the readers realizes that the pursuit of money cannot lead one to a good end. The theme of money was threaded throughout the novel not only to convey a moral to its audience, but also to highlight the differences between the characters: it revealed how deeply the root of all evil had taken root in each man’s heart. How to cite The novel Huck Finn takes a strange approach to dealing with money, Papers

British Professional The Accountancy Bodiesâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The British Professional The Accountancy Bodies? Answer: Introducation The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) was incorporated in August 2010 with the sole purpose of creating a sense of awareness and responsibility amongst the corporate managers about sustainable environment and corporate social responsibility. IIRCs governing body was constituted with 40 members, who were heads of the FASB, IASB, IFAC and IOSCO, the CEOs of the Big Four, heads of some of the major British professional accountancy bodies and some CFOs from major MNCs, including HSBC, Nestle and Tata. As can be seen, the Governing Council had majority members from the accountancy profession, hence it was not surprising that the two main issues of environment and sustainability for which it was founded, took a backseat in its operational charter, (Barkoczy, 2012). The main role designated to IIRC was outlined by the governing council in its first Discussion Paper published in 2011 (IIRC, 2011). (Barkoczy, 2011) says the discussion paper provided the answer to integrated reporting by stating that, and I quote Integrated reporting brings together material information about an organizations strategy, governance, performance and prospects in a way that reflects the commercial, social and environmental context within which it operates. It provides a clear and concise representation of how an organization demonstrates stewardship and how it creates and sustains value (IIRC, 2011, p. 2). Unquote The IIRC justified its recommendation for a new reporting model, where companies would be required to put forward a separate Integrated Report. This single report, anticipated IIRC, would eventually become the companys Primary Report and would be replacing the existing reporting pattern (IIRC, 2011, p. 6). Purpose The purpose of developing this new form of reporting, to be known as Integrated Reporting, under the overall guidance of the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), was to make the companies devote more time and attention towards sustainable environment practice. With ever expanding networks, communication channels and role of the corporate managers in managing the companies, the corporate world is regularly facing greater challenges. These are connected with over-consumption of the already limited natural resources, the consistent change in climatic conditions and the growing need of providing healthy food, clean water and better standard of living for the growing workers population, (Barkoczy, 2013) Continuing with the purpose of IIRC, Prince of Wales, while addressing the inaugural meet, had said, and I quote We are at present battling to meet 21st century challenges with, at best, 20th century decision making and reporting systems. The IIRCs remit is to create a globally accepted framework for accounting for sustainability. The intention is to help with the development of more comprehensive and comprehensible information about an organizations total performance, prospective as well as retrospective, to meet the needs of the emerging, more sustainable, global economic model. Unquote. This address by the Prince of Wales underlined the unmistakable signs of IIRCs idealism: accounting has been given the task to save the planet from the perils of financial blunders. Conflict In the viewpoint of this paper, all decisions which should be taken for tackling the issues discussed above should be based on clear and comprehensive data available. But in actuality, the different points raised by the Discussion Paper of IIRC have conflicting attributes, (Barkoczy, 2012). The paper has described six categories of capital: Financial Capital Manufactured Capital Human Capital Intellectual Capital Natural Capital Social Capital In this Discussion Paper of 2013, IIRC clarifies the concept of these categories. Financial Capital denotes the companys funds; Manufactured Capital describes the material objects created by mankind; The Human and Intellectual Capital portions are the trickiest categories and so are the Social and Natural Capital categories. Although the basic idea of Integrated Reporting was to focus on sustainability and environment and since welfare of mankind is the mainstay behind a well-functioning relationship between people, this is what should have been demonstrated in the existence of an effective governance policy, (Barkoczy et al, 2010). But the boundaries between various categories are quite vague and this has created more confusion than offering a solution. Reasons The basic idea of an Integrated Report was for the management to present, through the report, how the company, with the help of sustained activities, was able to bring about change in the values of the notified capitals, which should be measured by the change achieved in the values of the capitals. The companies are to adopt the Balance Sheet approach, as has been their practice, (Cch, 2013). The IIRC also emphasises on this method of reporting but with a difference. Apart from reporting the Financial Results, the managements were to report the assessment of the firms performance of assets other than those appearing in the conventional balance sheet. These should cover all those resources on which the company relies not only for financial prosperity but also for the prosperity of other values, (Marsden, 2010). These other values of the noted capitals includes the capital of society, including the environment. In this regard, it should be understood that most of the noted capitals rep orted in the integrated report may not be owned by the firm. IIRC in its Discussion Paper had proposed that an integrated report would be the companys primary report and shall replace the existing arrangements. In the later stage, IIRC dropped this proposal, although the council has not admitted it directly, (Marsden, 2010). Case Study Mtn Group Finally, what has been made clear by IIRC is that companies no longer are under the obligation of presenting a single integrated report. This is a big and highly significant retreat on the part of IIRC. Now, when we analyse the 2014 Integrated Report of the MTN Group Limited, which the Group made public with this title, we find that the company did not actually follow the guidelines of IIRC with respect to the various Capitals notified by the Council. Since MTN Group did not lay emphasis on these capitals, its Integrated Report has lost the status of being the Groups primary report. In fact, the presented report is just like the other reports which the Group has been releasing year after year. Thus the 2014 Integrated Report of the MTN Group is just an addition to those clutter of reports which IIRC had initially condemned in its Discussion Paper (IIRC, 2011, p. 4). Another significant result of IIRCs retreat from the declared policy is that the council accepts that companies may iss ue separate reports on the notified capitals, including the social and environmental accounting and sustainability. This is what the MTN Group has done with its 2014 Integrated Report. Hence, there is a greater need for a companys integrated report to cover the notified matters, which have far-reaching consequences for the whole of the society, as becomes clear when the actual contents of a report is analysed, (Nethercott, Devos Richardson, 2010). The basic problem which is being highlighted relates to the discrepancy coming in between the social costs, which refer to the loss being suffered by the society as a whole and the private costs, which are the losses being suffered only by the company. The change being sought by IIRC was to distinguish and then report on both the Social as well as the Private Costs, since under the conventional accounting methodology, only private costs are recognized. The companies following the IASB standards have been following the practice which states that all the social costs, such as pollution and environmental maintenance, have to be reported by the companies only after these costs have been converted to private costs, (Deutsch et al, 2011). Such costs, so far, were only related to the state levies, such as a fine imposed on the company for polluting the environment. Mtn Speaks Below are reproduced excerpts from the 2014 Integrated Report of MTN Group Limited. Our strategy is underscored by our strategic priorities. Strategic priorities are further developed into specific initiatives, delivery of which is quantified and evaluated against annual targets set by the Group exco at the start of the year. When determining material matters, we consider the size and contribution of each operation. 03 Our leadership, governance, reward and recognition Who is responsible profiles of our board of directors 34 Who is responsible profiles of our executive committee 36 How we are governed 37 Summarised corporate governance report 37 Risk management 46 Social and ethics committee chairmans report 50 Independent assurance report 52 How we remunerate our people 54 We provide supplementary information in associated reports on MTNs website. The sustainability and corporate governance reports, well as a full set of annual financial statements (AFS), are available at www.mtn.com/investors/FinancialReporting/Pages/IntegratedReports.aspx. Conclusion My claim that the MTNs concept of integrated reporting is founded on the capitalistic theory of the firm is based on the following aspects of its proposals. Capital allocation. The exco of MTN stresses the importance of efficient capital allocation; it writes: Integrated Reporting promotes a more cohesive and efficient approach to corporate reporting. . . to enable a more efficient and productive allocation of capital (IIRC, 2013a, p. 4). Primary focus: investors. The exco states that The primary purpose of an integrated report is to explain to providers of financial capital how an organization creates value over time (IIRC, 2013a, paragraph 1.7). Neglect of other stakeholders. The exco of MTN recognizes the existence of stakeholders other than investors and seeks to give the impression that it takes into account their needs. But it is abundantly clear that the company considers that reporting to stakeholders takes second place after reporting to investors and that its interest in stakeholders (other than investors) is solely as a means of assuring the future prosperity of the firm. There is no mention of how the company is going to maintain and improvise upon its Sustainability Target. In fact, all through the Chairmans as well as the CFOs report, they have not outlined any concrete policy about the future of environment and sustainability. If at all, any reference is made towards these issues, it is from the financial angle and the effects taken into account are solely those which affect the financial interests of the stakeholders. Hence the GRIs guidelines do define a report that sets out comprehensively the firms sustainability performance; they fulfil the conditions partially. The significant question is whether all conditions are met whether firms in issuing reports which they claim follow the GRIs Guidelines, do in fact faithfully apply these guidelines. It is obvious that the sustainability report of MTN is seriously defective. This raises grave doubts about the effectiveness of the assurance process. A possible explanation is that it is more difficult for the management to identify a matter that has been omitted than it is to comment on the truth of an item that has been included. But this does not alter the conclusion that in the case of MTN, the assurance process has been revealed to be inadequate. We cannot conclude from the above that the efforts of such public institutions as the GRI, the general guidance notes issued by them are a waste of time. As explained in the beginning of this paper, for the companies to publish their correct, complete and comparable information with regard to their performances in relation to sustainability, they must meet these two conditions: (a) An institution such as the IIRC or GRI should issue guidelines for the reporting standards, which when applied by the companies, would ensure that the reports published by the companies were complete and comparable. (b) Companies, while presenting their reports, apply the required standards correctly and consistently. It should be mandatory for the companies to meet both the conditions. What we find in the current scenario is that the framework proposed by the IIRCs relates only to condition (a). Although this framework is essential for ensuring comparability and would be helpful in assuring the completene ss of the report, it is regrettable that it is not being achieved by the companies. This then leads us to the conclusion that still much has to be done for ensuring that condition (b) is fully complied with, notably in the field of improving the effectiveness of the assurance process. References Barkoczy, S. (2011) Core tax legislation and study guide. North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Barkoczy, S. (2012) Australian Tax Case book. (9th ed.) North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Barkoczy, S. (2013) Foundations of Taxation Law. (5th ed.) North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Barkoczy, S., Rider, C., Baring, J. and Bellamy, N. (2010) Australian tax casebook. (10th ed.) North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Cch. (2013) Australian Master Tax Guide. Sydney: CCH Australia Limited. Deutsch, R., Friezer, M., Fullerton, I., Gibson, M., Hanley, P. and Snape, T. (2011) Australian tax handbook. Pyrmont, NSW: Thomson Reuters. Marsden, S. J. (2010) Australian Master Bookkeepers Guide. (3rd ed.) Sydney: CCH Australia Limited. Nethercott, L., Devos, K. and Richardson, G. (2010) Australian taxation study manual: questions and suggested solutions. (20th ed.) Sydney: CCH Australia Limited.

Ethical Implications of Abortion Essay Example

Ethical Implications of Abortion Essay Abortion has and continues to be a controversial topic. Most would argue that every woman should have the right to terminate a pregnancy for whatever reason, because her body and the fetus are one entity. Since termination of a pregnancy or abortion is the status quo within society, most would agree with this consensus. I, however, without properly acknowledging the rights of all the parties involved with abortion (the fetus and father), I do not believe it should be used so freely within society. Since the historic case of Roe v. Wade in 1973, abortion has been the accepted standard within society. With this historic judgment, women within this country are legally able to obtain an abortion up to a certain point during their pregnancy. Most believe that â€Å"a pregnant woman and her fetus should never be regarded as separate, independent, and even adversarial, entities† (ACLU, 1996, p. 1). But with men gaining an increased roll in child rearing and with medical advancements, the rights of the men and fetus should be considered before abortion is ever considered an option. There is a long and complicated history that goes hand in hand with abortion. The action of performing abortions can be traced back to the early American colonies. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Implications of Abortion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Implications of Abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Implications of Abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although many religions forbade or even restricted the practice, abortion was not considered illegal in most countries until the 19th century (Boston Womens Health Book Collective, 2005, p. 1). Even though abortions became outlawed in the United States, it did not stop women from getting abortions illegally. â€Å"By 1965, all fifty states banned abortion, with some exceptions which varied by state: to save the life of the mother, in cases of rape or incest, or if the fetus was deformed† (Boston Womens Health Book Collective, 2005, p. 1). Many women worked daily in an effort to have abortion legally available to women. The landmark court case that made an impact for women’s rights on the topic of abortion is Roe v. Wade, one of the most controversial Supreme Court cases in history. Roe v. Wade case established the foundation for abortion rights within the United States stating that laws banning abortionâ€Å"violate a constitutional right to privacy† (ACLU, 1996, p. 1). This case was opposed by many who thought that the fetus was infact a person from conception and therefore has the right to life, but ultimately this viewpoint was overruled in favor of the â€Å"pro-abortion† side. The Supreme Court ruled that the decision to legailze abortion is â€Å"necessary to preserve womens equality and personal freedom† (ACLU, 1996, p. 1). The Supreme Courts decision to legallize abortion in Roe v. Wade in 1973 was the spring board for many decades of court cases to try and reverse the decision. Today, there is still great controversy on the topic. Many politicians and ordinary people debate over what their stances on the subject daily. But whose view is morally and ethically correct, Pro-Choice or Pro-Life? Throughout history abortion has remained a topic of extreme controversy and debate. What makes abortion such a controversial topic? â€Å"An individuals personal stance on the complex ethical, moral, and legal issues has a strong relationship with the given individuals value system. A persons position on abortion may be described as a combination of their personal beliefs on the morality of induced abortion and the ethical limit of the governments legitimate authority† (Lemos, 2007, p. 45). The stances on abortion are split into â€Å"pro-life† and â€Å"pro-choice. These groups have opposing viewpoints on the morality, legality and ethics of abortion. Pro-life activists tend to be religious and avid on the rights of the fetus. Their perspective is that from the moment of conception, that is when a fetus is a human being and therefore has a right to life (Kissling, 2004, p. 1). Pro- life activists consider abortion murder and want to have it outlawed since they believe murder of any kind is unacceptable. The pro-choice viewpoint is the complete opposite. Pro-Choicers believe that the fetus is not a human being and is just a â€Å"mass of tissue† and therefore abortion is not murder (Kissling, 2004, p. 1). Pro- choice activists believe that women should have the right to chose whether to carry out a pregnacy because their body is one with the fetus and they should be able to choose whether to keep or terminate a pregnancy. The main issue of debate is whether or not an embryo is considered a person and if that embryo should have any right and I believe that they should. â€Å"Although Fetuses have never been given any recognition whatever as bureau of persons. It has never been counted as a member of the population. Legally is can not own, bequeath, or inherit property. It can not be sued, married, or adopted. It has no legal relationships and therefore can not be considered a person† (Kissling, 2004, p. 1). However, dramatic scientific breakthroughs in medical technology have revolutionized physician’s ablities regarding fetuses which may enable a fetus to be considered a person (Lenow, 2007, p. 1). Medical advances allow for surgery to be performed in utero, with these advances, new legal implications arise. If the fetus can be treated, then should it be considered a patient separate from its mother? If so does it possess all the rights of the post-birth patients? † (Lenow, 2007, p. 2). As a society it seems that we do not consider a fetus to be a person until it is viable. â€Å"Viablilty is a concepty widely used to identify a reasonable potential for subsequent survival if the fetus were to be removed from the uter us thus viablity is defined in terms of practicality i. e. how early a fetus can be delivered with hopes of reasonable survival† (Lenow, 2007, p. 0). However, I believe that using the standard of viabilty to determine whether or not a fetus is a human is too broad. With the new medical advances that can perform life-saving procedures on fetuses early on in the pregnancy, I believe viability of life should not be the only standard used to determine whether or not a fetus can be aborted or not; A recently reported example illustrative of this potential conflict involved a fourteen year old female, twenty-six weeks pregnant, who experienced premature labor due to a rupture in the amniotic sac. As the fetus was considered borderline viable, it was evident that chances for fetal survival would be maximized with cesarian delivery†¦the patient expressed her wishes not to have the child and delivered vaginally (Lenow, 2007, p. 18). The issue of viability comes to play in situations where the child can sustain life, but the actions of the parents ultimately abort the pregnancy. The aforementioned mother ultimately chose to not save her baby because she didn’t want to have it, essentially aborting the fetus, but at what point during a pregnancy does the fetus gain rights? Recently a friend of the family had complications with their baby at twenty-six weeks and chose to deliver the baby and try everything possible to save it, the baby is now surviving with medical help. Until there is a universal standard for viability, all babies that could possibly survive should be given that opportunity. Within the past two years, states have tried to enact legislation that would provide protection to an unborn fetus; however these bills must be worded carefully as the legislation â€Å"can endanger womens rights by reinforcing claims of fetal rights in the law under Roe v. Wade† (ACLU, 1996, p. 1). The extent to which such a bill may endanger reproductive rights depends on its specific terms and implications. For example, states may: 1) amend existing homicide statutes to include the fetus as a possible victim; 2) ass statutes defining the fetus as a person or human being, thereby making the fetus fall within the compass of other statutes applicable to all persons or human beings; 3) enact freestanding statutes to define and penalize a new crime of injury to a fetus, fetal homicide, or feticide; 4) extend wrongful death statutes to permit civil suits against individuals who cause the death of a fetus; or 5) enact new statutes to penalize injury to a pregnant woman that causes her fetus to die or be injured. However, abortion whether they are performed by a medical professional or self-induced must be exempted from all legislation (ACLU, 1996, p. ). Therefore, a fetus is considered an entity separate from the mother in all in legal aspects except in cases involving abortion. Essentially until a fetus can gain rights across all potential legal and societal aspects, fetuses are suffering injustices. Another aspect of abortion where I believe injustices are suffered, are the rights of the father. Though a mother must incubate a fetus for nine months, the father also contributed to creating the life and should have equal rights regarding the potential life that is created. According to a clinical study performed in Europe, two-thirds or twenty-three out of thirty, of the men who agreed to participate in the research, disagreed with their partner’s decision to have an abortion (Naziri, 2007, p. 480). Should a man have a right to make decisions about his unborn child as well? According to popular beliefs and legal precedent within this country and many others, a man has absolutely no say when it comes to the unborn fetus. There is minimal research and information on the topic of men and their rights regarding abortion. The social, political, and legal constraints†¦have deterred research regarding post-abortion men directly and also indirectly by contributing to difficulties in obtaining funds for such research† (Coyle, 2006, p. 1). One of the few studies on young men’s experiences reveals fear of isolation when peers, parents and partners do not accept abortion, despite its legalized status (Hallden Christensson, 2010, p. 126) M en are involved in conception, decisions concerning out come of the pregnancy, and aftermath of abortion (Coyle, 2006, p. ). According to Coyle, a researcher for the Internet Journal of Mental Health: elective abortion surely involves some sense of loss for many of the men whose partners undergo abortion. Given the inequality between men and women in abortion decisions, one might reasonably expect at least some men to be negatively affected. Yet, mens tendency to comply with societys expectations by repressing their emotions may effectively prevent others from appreciating their suffering. As members of a society which, restricts the discussion of abortion as a womans right, post-abortion men may be confused by their reactions, unsure of their roles or responsibilities, and unlikely to seek help (2006, p. 1). Therefore in a society where a man clearly has no societal or legal support, he is hesitant to come forward and express his feelings towards his partner having an abortion. There have been instances where a man attempts to establish rights to the fetus, but it has not been upheld legally in the court system. In Planned Parenthood of Missouri versus Danforth, 428 U. S. 52, the Supreme Court ruled that the state was not required to notify or obtain permission from the husbands of women seeking abortion. Legal arguments have tended to focus on this inequity between mens lack of legal power regarding termination of pregnancy and their liability for child support there have been a few publicized cases in which men attempted to prevent an abortion such as that of John Stachokus. Mr. Stachokus and his attorney were able to obtain a temporary injunction prohibiting his partners abortion. However, the injunction was suspended one week later (Coyle, 2006, p. 1). Ultimately, until men can be treated as an equal in the process of conceiving a child, a woman is free to abort a fetus that a man could potentially want to care for without any legal repercussion on her part creating a gross injustice to the rights of men. Overwhelming evidence purports that the decision to keep a baby is only given to a mother. This creates gross injustices for both the fetus and father; each should have a say, but are unable to due to lack of societal and legal support. With the decision in Roe v. Wade, women’s rights are the only rights considered. Legislature and some society members have attempted to recognize the rights of the fetus by establishing legislature, but the efforts have failed because abortion must be exempted from all legislation in order to protect the rights of women. In order to counteract the injustices found with abortion, I believe that the standard of viability for a fetus should be thoroughly investigated and set of standards should be developed in order to better clarify at what point during the pregnancy a fetus is viable. Also, I believe more consideration should be given to the rights of the male involved in conceiving the fetus. He played an equal part in conception and should have an equal say in whether or not to keep the baby. In order to determine this, I believe more research and information should be gathered on a man’s involvement in the decision to keep or abort a fetus. Until there is a Supreme Court case to challenge Roe v. Wade, none of these qualms about abortion can be addressed. Popular philosophers would also have a heated debate over the ethical and moral implications of abortion. John Stuart Mill was an avid Utilitarian and believed that what would produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people was the correct choice in life (Waller, 2008, p. 65). Philosopher Immanuel Kant disagreed with this viewpoint. His theory was that the moral law is a principle of reason and is not based on facts about the world, such as what would make us happy (Waller, 2008, p. 140). â€Å"Always act so as to treat humanity, whether in yourself or in others, as an end in itself, never merely as a means† (Solomon, 2003, p. 256). Kant would agree with pro-life activists believing that a woman has no right to terminate a fetus since the sole purpose of having an abortion is to fulfill the wishes of the mother. Instead of relying on fact, Kant relies on reason. To correct the injustices that are apparent with abortion, we as a society should use reason like Kant to shed light on the rights of the father and fetus. So as a society, perhaps we should put the utilitarian approach aside and take each case individually and use Kant’s point of view or reason to assess the situation. Don Marquis, professor of Philosophy at the University of Kansas, agrees with the immorality of performing abortions. What makes abortion wrong is: The loss of one’s life is one of the greatest losses one can suffer†¦[it] deprives one of all the experiences, activities, projects, and enjoyments that would otherwise have constituted one’s future. Therefore, killing someone is wrong, primarily because the killing inflicts (one of) the greatest possible losses on the victim (Waller, 2008, p. 264). Even though a fetus has yet to establish a life, it is never given the chance when it is aborted. According to Marquis, â€Å"the wrongness of killing can be extended to fetal life† (Waller, 2008, p. 265). Therefore, because a fetus could have the potential to partake in all of life’s experiences and have a prosperous future, it is morally wrong to abort the fetus. Ultimately, abortion is accepted as the status quo within this country. However, the principles surrounding this procedure are flawed ethically. Fathers and fetuses are given little to no consideration regarding their rights with abortion. Since Roe v. Wade, a womans fundamental rights of privacy, bodily integrity, and self-determination are the only factors considered regarding abortion. Thus, until standards of viability for the fetus are assessed and legal role of men in conception and abortion are established, abortion should be considered an injustice to society. References American Civil Liberties Union. (1996, July 31). Whats Wrong with Fetal Rights? Retrieved from http://www. aclu. org/reproductive-freedom/whats-wrong-fetal-rights. Boston Womens Health Book Collective. (2005).

ACT Reading vs SAT Reading Which Is Easier

ACT Reading vs SAT Reading Which Is Easier SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Which is the harder section, ACT Reading or SAT Reading? We will break down the differences between SAT and ACT Reading to help you decide which section is harder for you. You might be surprised which one is easier! Major Differences Between SAT Reading and ACT Reading In this section, I'll break down the most critical differences between SAT Reading and ACT Reading. One test is not inherently easier than the other - it all depends on your skills. Keep your own strengths and weaknesses in mind as you read through the following sections. #1: Breaking Down Long Passages The ACT doesn’t always give line numbers in the questions. For what we call â€Å"little picture, find the detail† questions, you have to skim the whole reading passage to find the answer, whereas SAT always gives line numbers. See an ACT example below: Via ACT's Preparing for the ACT guide. For this question, you have to sift through the passage to find the one line that mentions this very particular detail. If you don't have a good memory for small details, this can take time. In contrast, you can approach the SAT Critical Reading section by reading the questions first and then going back to parts of the passage using the line numbers. For the ACT, you will have to at least skim the entire passage, even if you read the questions first. Our advice? If you have a good memory for longer passages and small details, you will have an advantage on the ACT. If you are good at picking information out of a passage, you might do better on the SAT. #2: Timing Timing is a bigger challenge on the ACT, as the ACT asks more questions per minute.SAT Reading has 52 questions in 65 minutes, giving you 75 seconds per question. On the other hand, ACT Reading has 40 questions in 35 minutes, which gives you just 52 seconds per question.This may not seem like a major difference, but all those extra seconds really add up when you're struggling to answer all the questions in a section before time is called. Keep on your eyes on your watch! Our advice? If pacing and answer questions quickly is a problem for you, you may find the time constraints of the SAT Reading section more manageable. #3: Evidence-Support Questions Are you good at pinpointing specific areas in texts that support your answers to questions? If so, the SAT may be a better fit for you. Evidence-support questions are a big part of SAT Reading but don't appear on ACT Reading. These questions build off of the questions that come before them and ask you to cite specific lines or paragraphs as evidence for your answer to a previous question. Here’s an example of an evidence-support question (with the question to which it's referring): As you can see, these questions can be challenging because theyrequire higher-level thinking and strong reasoning skills. If you're stuck on the first question, you likely won't get the second one right either. Our advice? If you struggle with interconnected questions or having concrete reasons for selecting a certain answer, you may find the ACT easier since it's Reading section doesn't include these types of questions. So Which Test Should You Take? The best way to decide which reading section you’ll do best on is to take real practice tests. Score yourself, and find out which test you score higher on based on percentiles. Also, based on those practice tests, figure out your weaknesses. Are you struggling on SAT’s evidence-based questions? Then the ACT might be a better choice for you. Are you struggling with finishing the ACT Reading section in time? Then maybe the SAT will be a better fit for you. Another strategy is to think about which test you like more. Sure, a test is a test, but you’ll probably find you enjoy one more than the other, and you may study more effectively for the test you like better. Finally, think about the other sections if you can't decide. For example, you might take a practice test and figure out you are slightly better at ACT Reading. But if ACT Math is really hard for you, it could cancel out the benefits of being better at ACT Reading. What’s Next? Want a comprehensive guide to whether the ACT or SAT is easier? Read this detailed breakdown. In this post we recommended taking a practice ACT and practice SAT reading sections to figure out your strength. Check out our links to free ACT and SAT practice tests to get started! What about the writing and math sections? See our complete guide to ACT versus SAT to compare your overall strengths and weaknesses. If you’re going with the SAT, learn and review SAT vocab using the waterfall method. Also check out our tips for a perfect 800 on Critical Reading by our full scorer. Vocabulary is still important on the ACT. Find out the words you must know! Also get a step-by-step essay guide and strategies for a perfect 36 on ACT Reading. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Management & Health Information Systems Assignment

Management & Health Information Systems - Assignment Example This study would therefore, like to use a system that utilizes reporting programs to view trends of patients under patient care. This is to be adopted as a Clinical Data Repository (CDR) project with clear objectives and deliverables. 1. Project scope: This report will study clinical components that will constitute an integrated Clinical Data Repository (CDR) which will allow the elements to be fed into it ultimately allowing family physicians and doctors to view holistically the attributes of a patient while enhancing the quality of healthcare given to patients. Family members will be able to qualify for incentives like bonuses and patient oriented medical home rewarding programs. There is a principle engine that comprises a mix of elements to guarantee a clinical decision. This project will involve creating a secure Clinical Data Repository that is able to provide data of patients under authorized access. The objectives of this project will be: i) Assess how family physicians will maximize their professional quality care given to patients ii) Examine how family members will benefit from the bonuses and reward systems facilitated by CDR project. iii) Explore the strategies of bringing on board a more secure clinical data repository. Outputs of the project will prioritize the needs of both physicians and patients, creating a patient-doctor relationship. This project will cost $ 23,000 to meet personnel and technical costs with International Health Research Institute (IHRI) being the key sponsor. It is expected to be done 14 months to cover 9 tasks. Tasks will include data collection, system design, implementation, tests and project go live. Time implications and focus will be on how the outcomes of the feasibility studies have on planning and implementation of the project. The progress of the project will be communicated by the project manager at regular basis. This project is expected to commence on 30 June 2012 The report will also be issued at completion of the project August 2013. Project duration: 14 months 2. Project outlines business case - purpose & rationale: Health institutions continue to experience delays in receiving payer contracts because of the indecisiveness brought by irregular procedures and managerial bureaucracies. The CDR project will allow for maximization of health informatics expertise through quick report generation, easy collection of benchmark data and data ownership. Electronic health records are crucial in hospital administration but owing to insufficiency of tools to perform such tasks, family physicians have been at the receiving end. Analysis from feasibility studies has shown that existing patients’ data reporting programs are weak and bureaucratic. Aligning this function will bring more benefits to both physician and patients during treatment and claims from health insurers. Process claims will be done quickly and pay-for-performance incentives will be due on time. The benefits can be tabulated as below. 3. Options for project delivery: During the phase of project implementation, information system designers can use different ways to execute their work. Conventional methods used in the IT industry today are being challenged by clients and consultants in an attempt to reduce time wastage, limit

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner - Essay Example Expressionism took many forms including theatre, cinema and art (www.artmovements.co.uk). Other movements including Fauvism, Post- Impressionism and Impressionism heavily influenced the art itself. However Expressionism evolved beyond all those, incorporating many of the elements of each type but also imparting extreme violence and exaggeration of brushstrokes, as well as harsh and intense colour to the canvas in order to convey their personal emotional response to the scene. In 1880 two events took place that led to the rise of Expressionism. The first was the unification of Germany and all its controlled states into a single federation or empire by the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk). This resulted in the appointment of Wilhelm II, the King of Prussia, (Germany's biggest state) to the position of Emperor of Germany. Wilhelm's governance and his policies led to social and political unrest in the empire and eventually led to World War I. Kirchner was born in Aschaffenburg, the son of a chemist in the paper industry. Though his parents encouraged his artistic tendencies they did not consider it a profession and after his schooling, his parents sent him to an architecture course in a Technical College in Dresden (http://tigtail.org). While there he formed an artists group with two other students, Heckel and Schmidt- Rotluff. They called themselves Die Brucke, literally, The Bridge. They considered themselves to be a bridge from the old set ways into the future of art and society in Germany. Kirchner was the driving force of this group and his work endures as a striking commentary on German society at the time. His most famous works as his art developed were those belonging to his "Streetwalker" series. Two of those paintings, Potsdamer Platz (1914) and The Street (1913) will be discussed as an example of how the period in which he lived influenced him. In order to fully comprehend the import of his work it is also necessary to understand the time in which he lived. Germany from 1880 to the time of the Great War was undergoing great turmoil on several fronts. Firstly it was a time of immense expansion on an industrial and technological front (Myers and Praeger, p11). Artists all over Europe were invigorated by this infusion of modernity. However Germanys unified empire was beginning to crack. After the appointment of Wilhelm as Kaiser there was a growing rift between the Emperor and his Chancellor Bismarck on various issues of social policy and he finally forced Bismarck to resign in 1890. With the dismissal of the Chancellor Wilhelm forced the passing of several policies that were completely unsuitable for a technologically developing nation (www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures). He also adopted political stands that led to the development of World War I. On the social front things were not much better in Germany during this period. Women's rights were virtually unheard of; women were unable to vote until quite late, they had very few legal financial rights and job opportunities and marriage and children were the only way for a respectable woman

Public Awareness of Stroke Risk Factors and Warning Signs

Public Awareness of Stroke Risk Factors and Warning Signs Introduction Stroke is defined as a sudden neurological deficit caused by impairment in perfusion to the brain (M. Bornstein, N 2009). The WHO estimates that by year 2030, 80% of all strokes will occur in low and middle income countries and high quality of health statistics are essential for planning and implementing health policy in all countries. Of all neurological diseases, stroke is the most preventable. The need to increase public awareness of stroke risk factors and warning signs has been identified as critical to addressing the large gaps in knowledge. An important aspect of improving understanding of stroke was to prevent strokes from occurring in the first place, by increasing public awareness of the risk factors (Britain, G 2009). Act F.A.S.T(face, arm, speech, time) campaign was laughed and organized by MOH in most of the countries and which has been effective in improving the public’s recognition of the symptoms of stroke . There are a lot of researches had been done to know the effectiveness of campaign and programs. This paper will review two articles to test the stroke awareness and risk factors in general population. Methods Two articles were chosen from Bio Med Central, using key words of stroke, awareness, risk factors, warning signs. The criteria were established with articles of data collection strategies, identification of the main study, full text and up to date published in between 2007 to 2008. Abstract The abstract is a brief description of the study placed at the beginning of the article about 100 to 150 words and it allows readers to assess whether to read the full articles of the report (POLIT, D. F., BECK, C. T 2010). Both articles illustrate background objective, method, results and conclusions in one paragraph clearly and concise, which stimulates the reader to read full articles. In (W Wahab, K. et al. 2008) article, author conducted the cross sectional study of ability to identify one risk factor of stroke warning sign at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital in southern Nigeria whereas in (Hickey, A. et al. 2009) article, discovered lack of public awareness about stroke warning signs and risk factors which contribute to reducing mortality and morbidity from stroke. Introduction/Research problems Successful fundraising professionals reveal that only 10 percent of their time is actually spent soliciting major gifts whereas the other 90 percent is spent researching prospects and developing strategies. For that reason, it is extremely important for an organization to allocate resources to establish a prospect research program (Ciconte, B. and Jacob, J 2009). (BASTABLE, S. B. 2006) said an introduction should provide the reader with an understanding of how the study fits into what is already known about the research topic and provides a justification as why this particular piece of research is important. Central phenomena, concepts, the study purpose, the hypotheses (POLIT, D. F., BECK, C. T. 2010) were briefly described in these two articles. In Hickey, A. et al. (2009) article, the author has discussed needs of increase public awareness of stroke risk factors and warning signs in older adults, at higher risk for stroke with relevant references and the study was conducted across two jurisdictions the republic of Ireland and northern Ireland. In (W Wahab, K. et al2008) article, author has discussed due to the spite of high case fatality rate from stroke in Nigeria, the study was designed to assess the knowledge of warning signs in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus or both conditions that are modifiable risk factors for stroke. Research question Both articles have been introduced in a general way at the end of the introduction, it is worth restating it before the methods section to refocus the reader’s attention though there is no actual research question is posted nor hypothesis. Literature review (Gliner, J. and Morgan, G 2000) explained that in most journals, the introduction and literature review are together in one section which is untitled in APA format, but some journals will separate these two titles. As can see, there are no subtitles of literature review in these two articles. However, the reader felt that both articles used primary sources briefly summarize the existing knowledge, which provided a state of evidence and solid basic. Some of the studies mentioned in the literature review for both articles were consider up to date as the oldest reference is dated as 1998. Research Approach Both articles, study were conducted using questionnaire by interviewers. In Anne article mentioned the reason why this approach was adopted. (POLIT, D. F., BECK, C. T 2010) stated that quantitative researchers use several criteria to assess the quality of a study, referred to as its scientific merit. Quantitative research is identified with traditional scientific method that gathers data objectively in an organized, systematic, controlled manner so that the findings can be generalized to other situations, population which can find in these two articles. Research Design Both articles used experimental research; which maintains the greatest control over the research settings and takes the form of randomized controlled trails (RTC) where participants are randomly selected into the different groupings. The RTC is generally considered the ‘gold standard’ of study designs (Kirch, W 2008). In (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article, study involved a cross sectional survey of randomly selected community based older people in the republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. (Houser, J 2012) described that the quantitative studies, the design will detail how the subject will be selected and assigned to groups, the way the intervention will be applied, a measurement strategy, and a plan for data analysis. Ethic approval has been granted and informed consent was provided in both articles. Sample In both articles, researches used simple random sampling, which is the most basis form of probability sampling (REIS, H. T., JUDD, C. M 2000). The sample size was enough in these two studies. However (Offredy, M. and Vicker, P 2010) concludes that there are no simple rules we can apply that is the correct size sample for the research. Sample size depends largely on aims and purpose of the research, as well as the current time and methodology used to undertake the research study (SMART, J. C. 2009). In (W Wahab, K. et al 2008) article, the study was conducted at the Irrua specialist teaching hospital from January to march 2007 with 225 eligible patients was approached for the study. All participants were recruited with a diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes mellitus or both were interviewed about knowledge of stroke warning signs by attending doctors. In (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article, the study involved 2033 participants of a cross sectional survey of randomly selected aged of 65 + in the republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Interviews were conducted in participant’s own homes asking knowledge and warning signs of stroke by trained market researchers. This article did not mention duration of the study has been conducted. Both articles declared ethical considerations and consent taken. Data Collection and Analysis In both articles, the researchers used the questionnaire that was used and re corrected in pilot study to collect the data. In (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article, no information is given as when the data was collected. But the researcher has clearly explained the appropriateness of the methods and survey data was statistically adjusted prior to analysis to avoid potential bias. Descriptive and comparative analyses were carried out using the Stata version 8.2. The chi square test was used to examine differences between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland in recognition of stroke risk factors and warning signs. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the effects of demographic variables and the presence of risk factors on stroke. In (W Wahab, K. et al 2008)article, researcher excluded those who participated in the pilot and history of stroke to avoid bias as they have been primed to seek for information. Researcher failed to describe the appropriateness of methods. Data was analyzed with statistical package for the social sciences version 11( SPSS Inc), a very widely used computer program designed to aid the statistical analysis of data in the course of research (KEMP, R., SNELGAR, R 2006) , means and standard deviations were determined. Means were compared using Chi-Square Test to analyze variances. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to determine independent predictor of ability to identify warning sign from among baseline variables. Reliability and Validity Validity is the one if the obtained results are truthful and believable. In order to determine the validity, the researcher generally poses a series of questions, and will often look for the answers in the research of others to know the measurements accurately.( Kirk and Miller 1986) identified three types of reliability referred to in quantitative research, which relates to: (1) producing the same results under same measurement conditions (2) the stability of a measurement with respect to time; and (3) the similarity of measurements in a given time period. This has not been discussed by the researchers in both articles. Results Overall, both articles results was statistically analyzed and presented in a way that average reader could understand. Tables are clear and promote clarity of the text. (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article’s table 1 showed significant demographic differences between the samples. Adjusted odds ratio analysis indicates that higher levels of knowledge were significantly associated with having second level education or grater and geographic location. Less than half of the population correctly identified stroke risk factors in table 2. In (W Wahab, K. et al 2008) article, table 1 results showed that primary education was the highest educational attainment in 30.2% of the respondents. In table 2, no warning sign was identified by 60.4% while 39.6% was one sign identified. Gender (Male), 11 or more years of education emerged as the independent predictors of ability to identify at least one warning sign in table 3 on multiple logistic regression analysis. Discussion In(W Wahab, K. et al 2008) article, the authors have interpreted the findings and made comparisons with India, Australia and Developed countries studies. The authors have discussed the finding related to research questions, aim clearly and stated that their study has potential limitations as its cross sectional and hospital based nature that the results might not be completely generalized to the community. They also suggested for further community based study to ascertain the generalizability of their results and there is no obvious bias seen in the discussion. In (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article, the discussions were clearly explained the findings related to research hypotheses and analyze with US and mass media campaigns to be more effective. Limitations of their study is possible bias however the research team sought to minimize the possibility by having all interviewers receive the same training and work from a standardized script. Also suggested that need more longitudinal study investment in future. The authors had brought attentions to the National Health Service in UK system to provide a similar program me in Republic of Irelands. Conclusion The authors had suggested the need for substantial population health education with regard to stroke prevention and management is critical to a future reduction in Anne article. Recommendations were clear, relate to findings and encouraged for further study in (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article. In (W Wahab, K. et al 2008) article,conclusion were mentioned clearly includes the finding, suggestions related to aims. Also recommended to do regular community education programs through mass media, radio and television using the appropriate local language. Both articles references were accurate and well written for overall. Implementation Time is brain, May is the National stroke awareness month, a month dedicated to raise awareness about the nation’s fourth leading cause of death and disability (Stroke.org 2013). This annual event is sponsored by the National Stroke Association, intended to engage individuals, community organizations and business in the effort to educate the public about how to prevent stroke through risk factor management, response to stroke symptoms and spread hope from stroke recovery. I am working in an acute local hospital; medical unit specialized of gastro logy and neurology. From my experiences, most of the family members are not aware of stroke. Today, patient education is a topic of significant interest to nurses in every setting in which they practice. As teaching is a major aspect of nurse’s professional role, I do explore information to patient or family members regarding the stroke and awareness of stroke, risk factors provide with booklet from the hospital. There are also stroke specialize nurses in my hospital, who are giving moral support, needs for the patients and family members. Health promotion role of hospital nurses was to emphasize the need to influence, and help patients modify health beliefs and lifestyle together with disease related teaching (Piper, S 2009) The focus of care is on outcomes that demonstrate the extent to which patients and their significant other have learned the knowledge and skills necessary for independent living (BASTABLE, S. B. 2006). It is important for every nurse to teach public and learning will continue to increase in this era of healthcare reform.